精简养猪成本

　　Cutting Cost in Pig Production

　　利润=销售 - 成本

　　Profit = Sales - Cost

　　世界上任何一个地方的猪场的成本很快就能削减60%到70%。不养猪就可以了！要是开除员工还能再削减另外4%到5%的成本！！我想大多数人都理解这俩个做法对企业都不好。没有成本就没有业务！不管信不信，我参观过一些确实发生过这些情况的猪场！！不令人惊讶地是这些猪场都破产了。

　　It is simple to cost on any pig farm anywhere in the world by 60% to 70% immediately. Do not feed the pigs!! It can be reduced by another 4% or 5% by firing all the staff!! I think most people understand that both of these are not good for the business. Without cost we have no business! Believe it or not I have visited pig farms where this does happen!! Not surprisingly these farms go bankrupt.

　　削减成本的下一个简单的方式就是简单地不支出任何事物就可以了。但是这一点对企业也不好。没有供应物，食品，基因，药品，能量用水等支出来运营一个猪场是不可能的。不支出这些最终意味着没有人来供应。没有投入的供应意味着猪场会破产。The next easy way to cut cost is simply not to pay for things. Once again this is not good for business. It is impossible to operate a farm without supplies, food, genetics, medicine, energy water etc. Not paying for these ultimately means nobody will supply. No supply of inputs means farm will go bankrupt.

　　精简成本的最后一个简单的方式就是通过把供应物的价格谈到最低使供应商不能赚钱。这一点从长远上来说对企业也是不好的。供应商需要赚钱来生存，而一个猪场没有供应商是不能生存的。

　　The last easy way to cut cost is by negotiating prices for supplies so low that suppliers can't make money. Again this is not in the long run good for business. Suppliers have to make money to survive and a farm can't survive without suppliers.

　　因此，要了解如何削减成本首先要理解成本是指什么。许多人都不知道！

　　Therefore, to understand how to cut cost first we must understand what cost it actually means. Many people do not!

　　增加输出（销售）来减少成本？

　　Increasing Output （sales） Reduces Cost?

　　要理解为什么，你需要理解什么是固定成本，什么是可变成本。

　　To understand why this is you need to understand what fixed and variable costs are.

　　无论销售量多少固定成本都保持不变！但是可变成本是随着销售量的变化而变化的。Fixed costs stay the same regardless of volume of sales! Whereas variable costs change with volume of sales.

　　为了进一步了解，让我们看看每一头猪。我们要卖的猪每一头在120公斤而不是110公斤。我们要买的更多的是什么？什么是可变成本。

　　To understand further let's look at a single pig. This single pig we are going to sell at 120kg rather than 110kg. What do we need to buy more of? What are the variable costs.

　　猪场，劳动力，电力，天然气和行政管理的成本都保持不变。他们是固定的。即使是使用的母猪饲料，基因成本等也是保持相同的，他们也是固定的。3个会变化的事物是每头猪长到5公斤消耗的额外的饲料和水，另外还有一些额外要处理的粪污。

　　The cost of the farm, labour, electric, gas, administration all stay the same. They are fixed. Even the amount of sow food used, cost of genetics etc. also stay the same, these are also fived. The 3 things that change are extra food and water the pig has consumed to grow 5kg and there is some extra slurry to spread.

　　但是在现实中额外的水和粪污处理的成本太小了，他们可以有效地看作固定成本。

　　In reality though the cost of extra water and slurry disposal are so small that they are effectively fixed.

　　增加销售（更多公斤的猪肉）总是能减少固定成本！

　　Increasing sales （more kg of pigmeat） always reduced fixed cost!

　　而且如果猪肉销售量明显增加，收入会增加！！！

　　Also very obviously increasing kg of pigmeat sold increases income!!!

　　成本精简真正指的是什么？

　　What Does Cost Cutting Really Mean?

　　当我们提到精简成本时我们真正指的是避免浪费！

　　What we really mean when we talk about cutting cost is avoiding waste!

　　-物理废物，食物，药物，供应物资，天然气，电和水等！

　　Physical waste, food, medicines, supplies, gas and electric water etc.!

　　-做工作也浪费时间，我们就不需要做了！

　　Wasting time doing jobs, we do not need to do!

　　-买设备，食物营养元素和供应物资浪费钱，我们不需要！

　　Wasting money buying equipment, food ingredients, medicines and supplies, we do not need!

　　-大量的行政事务/会计浪费时间！

　　Wasting time with excessive administration / accounting!

　　-产的更多浪费机会！

　　Wasting opportunities to produce more!

　　-大量的死亡率，零死亡率是不可能的！

　　Excessive mortality, zero mortality is impossible!

　　我们如何决定什么是浪费？

　　How Do We Decide What Is Waste?

　　任何东西的物理浪费都是显然存在的，或者至少是应该这样的。然而，我惊人地发现我去过如此多数量的猪场都有因为料槽设置不好导致浪费饲料的情况！

　　Physical waste of anything is blatantly obvious, or at least it should be. However, I find it staggering the number of farms I visit with badly set feeders that waste feed!

　　洒落在料槽周围的或者在漏缝地板下的饲料意味着5%到10%的饲料浪费。

　　Food on the floor around feeders or under slats means 5% to 10% feed waste.

　　如果我告诉一个猪场把3到5个星期的饲料直接灌到储粪池里，他们肯定会认为我疯了。但是，如果料槽设定不好或者使用设计不是很好的料槽，导致饲料直接进入粪污地沟实际上是一回事。

　　If I told a farm to deliver feed for 3 to 5 weeks directly to the slurry lagoon they would correctly think I was crazy. However, setting feeders badly or using badly designed feeders, so food goes into the slurry pits is exactly the same thing.

　　我参观过许多猪场，他们很自豪地给我看帮他们省了一大笔钱的自制料槽，这些料槽把饲料弄得在地板上到处都是。他们真的省钱了吗？绝对没有！

　　I have visited many farms that proudly show me their home made feeders that they 'saved a fortune' building, that are spilling food all over the floor. Have they saved money? Absolutely not!

　　一个用于供应40头育肥猪的料槽每天会有大约100公斤的饲料通过它。如果这个料槽用10年，意味着会有总共375吨饲料通过料槽下来。

　　A feeder for 40 finisher pigs will have about 100kg of food per day pass through it. Over a 10 year working life that means a feeder will have about 375 tonnes of food pass through it!

　　假设每吨饲料是15000卢布（200美元），那么通过料槽的饲料的价值就是5625000卢布（7500美元）。如果有10%的浪费，就浪费了562500卢布（750美元），比比看用你自己的料槽能节省多少呢！

　　Assuming 15,000 Roubles per tonne （$200） this means the value of the food that passes through a feeder is 5,625,000 Roubles （$7,500）。 Assuming 10% waste this is 562,500 Roubles $750 vs saving made by making your own feeder!!!

　　我见过的浪费饲料的一种最严重的情况

　　One of the worst cases of feed waste I have seen!

　　该粪污地沟有一片10厘米见方的浪费的饲料在上面！

　　This slurry pit had a 10cm crust of waste feed on it!

　　要找到物理浪费的投入多少，你只需要转一转整个猪场好好看一看就知道了！

　　To find physical waste of inputs you simply need to walk around a farm with your eyes open and look!!!

　　要了解其他形式的浪费，可以使用计算器！（或者是现在常用的类似工具，表格）

　　To Understand Other Forms of Waste Use a Calculator! （or the modern day equivalent the spreadsheet）。

　　我们要计算什么呢？很简单。成本和回报。我们知道什么是成本（我们为服务或产品支付的）。回报也很容易计算，因为我们只卖一样东西！合算成多少公斤的猪肉。记住 利润=销售-成本！！

　　What are we calculating? Simple. Cost and return. The cost we know （what we are paying for the service or goods）。 Return is also easy as we sell only one thing! Kg pig meat. Remember profit = sales - cost!!

　　因此，计算公式是，

　　Therefore, the calculation is,

　　-如果我们买这套设备，我们能多卖多少公斤肉？

　　If we buy this piece of equipment how many more kg can we sell?

　　-如果我们使用这种饲料配方，我们能多卖多少公斤肉？

　　If we use this feed ingredient how many more kg can we sell?

　　-如果我们用这种疫苗或药品，我们能卖多少公斤肉？

　　If we use this vaccine or medicine how many more kg can we sell?

　　-如果我们用这些种猪，我们能多卖多少公斤肉？

　　If we use these genetics how many more kg will we sell?

　　-如果我们不做这项工作了，我们会少卖多少公斤肉？

　　If we stop doing this job how many kg less will we sell?

　　-如果我们不买这种营养元素了，我们会少卖多少公斤肉？

　　If we stop buying this ingredient how many less kg will we sell?

　　-如果我们不用这种药或者疫苗了，我们会少卖多少公斤肉？

　　If we stop using this medicine or vaccine how many less kg will we sell?

　　-如果我们不再使用较好的种猪了，我们会少卖多少公斤肉？

　　If we stop using proper genetics how many less kg will we sell?

　　-如果我们不填这个表了，我们会少卖多少公斤肉？

　　If we do not fill in this form how many less kg will we sell?

　　唯一的例外是法律要求的措施和报告。那问题就出现了，如果我们不这么做了会被起诉或罚款吗？

　　The only exception here is actions or reports that are required by law. Here the question is, will we be prosecuted and or fined if we do not do this?

　　这些计算公式都不难算。不需要有经济学学位就能算出来！但是他们需要的是对因果关系的一个基本理解。关于猪肉销售的一个举措的结果是什么？这一部分有时需要非常专业的技能或者是需要正确进行的试验或者是标杆（如果猪场A能这么做，猪场B也能）。

　　All of these calculations are not difficult to do. They do not need a degree in economics! What they do need is a basic understanding of cause and effect. What will the outcome of an action be on sales of pig meat? It is this part that sometimes requires very specialist skills or properly run trials or benchmarking （if farm A can do this then so can farm B）。

　　我看到过太多不会做这样的简单计算的人所做出的错误的决定，主要是缺少对于一项举措的原因的了解，或者是他们用于计算的数据不正确甚至在有些情况下所使用的数据都是靠猜的！

　　I have seen an incredible number of bad decisions taken by people who were unable to do simple calculations, mainly because of lack of knowledge of the cause of an action or the data they were using to calculate was not correct in the first place and in some circumstances the data used was simply guessed!

　　以下是和猪场相关的一些决策的例子，这些决策往往几乎都是不好的决策（实际上增加了成本，减少了利润）；

　　Some examples of decisions that are almost always bad ones （that is they actually increase cost and reduce profitabilty） are;

　　-家庭自制料槽Homemade feeders.

　　-给猪更多的空间Giving pigs more space.

　　-运用自己的育种方案Running own genetic program.

　　-减少了猪群规模Reducing herd size.

　　-减少屠宰重Reducing slaughter weight.

　　-让猪舍空置几天甚至几周Leaving buildings empty for days or even weeks.

　　-为以防万一修建“额外的猪舍空间”Building 'extra spaces' just in case.

　　-销售‘san brak' Selling 'san brak'

　　-增加行政事务Increasing administration.

　　-家庭自制数据记录软件Home-made recording programs.

　　俄罗斯养猪业 - 新纪元！

　　Russian Pig Industry - New Era!

　　俄罗斯几乎可以自给自足了。这意味着国内市场的供需关系会不可避免地降低猪价。要想保持盈利，需要减少成本。

　　Russia is nearing self-sufficiency. This means internal market supply and demand which will inevitably reduce pig price. To maintain profitability requires cost reduction.

　　持续的扩张意味着进入出口市场。这就需要在成本（和品质）上具有全球竞争力。Continued expansion means entering export markets. This requires being globally competitive on cost （and quality）。

　　这一新纪元让养猪企业不得不彻底地来审视他们所做的所有工作。俄罗斯想在全球市场上变得更具竞争力，其养猪业有许多传统不得不做出改变。养猪业需要来自政府的一些帮助，来减少大量的行政负担和繁文缛节。

　　This new era means pig business's have to totally review everything they do. There are many traditions within the Russian industry that have to change for it to become globally competitive. The industry will need some help from government in reducing the massive administrative burden and excessive red tape.

　　最重要的是企业自身要真正地开始正确理解成本和成本精简。

　　Most importantly business itself has to really start to properly understand cost and cost cutting.

　　我们都喜欢补贴，补贴对开启新的投资的确有帮助。但是最终一个企业如果只靠补贴才有利润，那么肯定不是一个好企业并将最终垮掉。

　　We all like subsidy and subsidy does help to kick start investment. Ultimately however if a business is only profitable due to subsidy then it is bad business and will ultimately fail.

　　作者：加裕俄罗斯，远东和欧洲区域总经理Simon Grey先生

　　written by Mr. Simon Grey, General Manager Russia, CIS, and Europe